Pertengahan abad XIX adalah periode ketika eksploitasi kolonial menampakkan bentuknya yang paling eksplisit di Indonesia. Dua daerah semi-otonom, yakni Kesunanan Surakarta dan Kesultanan Yogyakarta, pun berada dalam cengkeraman kolonialisme tersebut. Secara terperinci, Houben menguraikan ekspansi, eksploitasi, dan intervensi Pemerintah Kolonial terhadap kedua wilayah itu. Tentang masa itu, Houb…
Musch has been written about Western capitalism and systems of labour mobilisation in Asia. Yet the fate individual coolie, as the Asian labourer is often called, easily remains evasive and beyond our comprehension. Sources are silent and it is difficult to fit pieces of scattered specific information into large jigsaw puzzles of generalisations about modes of production and labour utilisation.…